TUGAS BAHASA INDONESIA

PROPOSAL

A. Pendahuluan

Proposal penelitian untuk skripsi merupakan suatu rancangan penelitian yang akan dilakukan sebagai bahan utama penulisan skripsi mahasiswa. Rancangan ini harus diseminarkan untuk penyempurnaan sehingga akan sangat membantu mahasiswa dalam melaksanakan penelitian di lapangan sekaligus membantu kelancaran mengumpulkan bahan skripsinya. Dalam pengertian lain, Proposal adalah suatu bentuk rancangan kegiatan yang dibuat dalam bentuk formal dan standar. Untuk memudahkan pengertian proposal yang dimaksud dalam tulisan ini, kita dapat membandingkannya dengan istilah “Proposal Penelitian” dalam dunia ilmiah (pendidikan) yang disusun oleh seorang peneliti atau mahasiswa yang akan membuat penelitian (skripsi, tesis, disertasi). Dalam dunia ilmiah, proposal adalah suatu rancangan desain penelitian (usulan penelitian) yang akan dilakukan oleh seorang peneliti tentang suatu bahan penelitian. Bentuk “Proposal Penelitian” ini, biasanya memiliki suatu bentuk, dengan berbagai standar tertentu seperti penggunaan bahasa, tanda baca, kutipan dll. Secara mendasar, harus di garis bawahi bahwa penulisan proposal hanya salah satu dari sekian banyak tahap perencanaan, seperti yang telah diuraikan sebelumnya dalam buku ini. Penulisan proposal adalah suatu langkah penggabungan dari berbagai perencanaan yang telah dibuat dalam tahap¬tahap sebelumnya. Ini berarti, tanpa terlebih dahulu melakukan langkah¬langkah sebagaimana yang diuraikan dalam buku ini, maka kemungkinan besar penulisan proposal akan menemui kesulitan.

Proposal adalah usulan untuk melakukan suatu kegiatan. Memperluas wawasan dapat dilakukan dengan cara mengadakan kegiatan ilmiah. Misalnya seminar atau karya wisata. Sebelum melaksanakan suatu kegiatan, sbeaiknya membuat proposal terlebih dahulu. Pengertian dari proposal adalah sebuah tulisan yang dibuat oleh si penulis yang bertujuan untuk menjabarkan atau menjelasan sebuah tujuan kepada si pembaca (individu atau perusahaan) sehingga mereka memperoleh pemahaman mengenai tujuan tersebut lebih mendetail. Diharapkan dari proposal tersebut dapat memberikan informasi yang sedetail mungkin kepada si pembaca, sehingga akhirnya memperoleh persamaan visi, misi, dan tujuan.

Ada beberapa hal yang biasanya di detailkan dalam proposal bisnis:

1. Penjabaran mendetail mengenai tujuan utama dari si penulis kepada pembacanya.
2. Penjabaran mendetail mengenai proses bagaimana mencapai tujuan si penulis kepada pembacanya.
3. Penjabaran mendetail mengenai hasil dari proses yang telah dijabarkan diatas sehingga mencapai tujuan yang diinginkan oleh si penulis dan juga si pembaca.

Banyak orang yang tidak mengerti bagaimana caranya membuat proposal bisnis yang baik dan sukses, kebanyakan orang membuat proposal bisnis asal-asalan tanpa tahu bagaimana menjabarkan tujuan dibuatnya proposal bisnis tersebut. Sehingga isi proposal bisnis tidak terstruktur dengan benar sehingga mengakibatkan si pembaca proposal kurang mengerti apa yang diterangkan didalam proposal tersebut. Pembuatan proposal bisnis harus dimulai dengan tujuan yang jelas, apakah proposal bisnis tersebut dibuat dengan tujuan untuk meyakinkan investor ataukah proposal bisnis itu dibuat dengan tujuan untuk mengajak kerjasama, atau yang lainnya.

Ada beberapa hal yang biasanya di detailkan dalam proposal bisnis:
1. Penjabaran mendetail mengenai tujuan utama dari si penulis kepada pembacanya.
2. Penjabaran mendetail mengenai proses bagaimana mencapai tujuan si penulis kepada pembacanya.
3. Penjabaran mendetail mengenai hasil dari proses yang telah dijabarkan diatas sehingga mencapai tujuan yang diinginkan oleh si penulis dan juga si pembaca.

Proposal merupakan rencana yang dituangkan dalam bentuk rancangan kerja. Proposal dibuat dengan tujuan untuk mendapatkan izin atau persetujuan atas kegiatan yang akan dilaksanakan. Sebuah proposal harus menyajikan hal-hal berikut;

Sistematika Penulisan Proposal:
1. Pendahuluan :

a. Berisi tentang kondisi umum yang melatar belakangi dilaksanakan kegiatan.

b. Hubungan kegiatan tersebut dalam kehidupan sehari-­hari (nyata).
2.Dasar Pemikiran :

a. Berisi tentang dasar yang digunakan dalam pelaksanaan

b.Jika kegiatan tersebut bukan dari organisasi, maka didasarkan secara umum.

3.Tujuan Kegiatan :

Berisi uraian yang lebih terperinci terutama mengenai ukuran yang digunakan sebagai penilaian tercapai atau tidaknya tujuan

4.Tema Kegiatan :

Tema yang diangkat dalam kegiatan tersebut

5. Jenis Kegiatan :

a. Diperlukan untuk menjelaskan rangkaian kegiatan yang akan dilaksanakan jika kegiatannya lebih dari satu,

b. Menjelaskan bentuk dari kegiatan tersebut. Misal: berupa Seminar, Pelatihan, penyampain materi secara lisan, Tanya jawab dan simulasi.

6. Target Kegiatan :

Berisi uraian yang lebih terperinci dari Tujuan (Point 3) terutama mengenai ukuran­ukuran yang digunakan sebagai penilaian tercapai atau tidaknya tujuan.

7. Sasaran / Peserta Kegiatan :

Menjelaskan tentang objek atau siapa yang akan mengikuti kegiatan tersebut (atau lebih kenal dengan peserta)

8.Waktu dan Tempat Pelaksanaan:

Tentukan dimana, hari, tanggal, bulan, tahun serta pukul berapa akan dilaksanakan kegiatan tersebut.

9. Anggaran Pelaksanaan :

Dalam anggaran hanya disebutkan jumlah total pemasukan dan pengeluaran yang diperkirakan oleh panitia, sedangkan rinciannya dibuat dalam lampiran tersendiri.

10.Susunan Panitia :

Dalam halaman atau bagaian susuna panitia, biasanya hanya ditulis posisi yang penting­penting saja, seperti Pelindung Kegiatan, Ketua panitia, Streering Commite dll, sedangkan kepanitian lengkap dicantumkan dalam lampiran.

11. Jadwal Pelaksanaan :

a. Dibuat sesuai dengan perencanaan dalam kalender Kegiatan yang telah disusun sebelumnya

b. Atau bisa juga ditulis terlampir, jika jadwalnya banyak.

12. Penutup :

a. Berisi tentang harapan yang ingin dicapai dan mohon dukungan bagi semua pihak.

b. Ditutup dengan lembar pengesahan proposal

c. Terakhir, diikuti dengan lampiran

Hal-hal yang perlu dipersiapkan sebelum menulis sebuah proposal:

• Mengerti akan tujuan dibuatnya proposal tersebut.
• Mencari informasi umum mengenai peluang bisnis yang ada, dengan cara membaca majalah, buku, internet, atau surat kabar.
• Mengetahui detail pelaksanaan yang akan terjadi.
• Mengetahui Karakter Investor atau partner bisnis anda.

Proposal bisnis memiliki 2 buah tujuan, yaitu: 1. Sebagai pedoman dalam menjalankan bisnis sehingga arah dan tujuan yang diinginkan mempunyai jalur yang jelas dan pasti. 2. Sebagai alat untuk meyakinkan investor.

B. Pembahasan

Proposal Penelitian Skripsi

1. Pengertian Proposal

Proposal penelitian untuk skripsi merupakan suatu rancangan penelitian yang akan dilakukan sebagai bahan utama penulisan skripsi mahasiswa. Rancangan ini harus diseminarkan untuk penyempurnaan sehingga akan sangat membantu mahasiswa dalam melaksanakan penelitian di lapangan sekaligus membantu kelancaran mengumpulkan bahan skripsinya.

2. Karakteristik Proposal

Proposal penelitian mahasiswa memiliki beberapa karakteristik sebagai berikut :

a. Merupakan suatu rancangan pokok penelitian yang akan dilakukan guna mengumpulkan bahan penulisan skripsi.

b. Memperlihatkan kemampuan mahasiswa terhadap permasalahan yang akan diteliti dan pendekatan atau metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian tersebut.

c. Ruang lingkup proposal sesuai dengan bidang kajian akademis mahasiswa.

d. Rancangan penelitian mengacu kepada permasalahan aktual dan memiliki kontribusi bagi pengembangan ilmu maupun kepentingan praktisi di lapangan.

3. Sistematika Proposal

Rancangan atau proposal penelitian untuk skripsi mahasiawa terdiri dari beberapa bagian sebagai berikut :

I. PENDAHULUAN

Bagian pendahuluan ini mengemukakan tentang latar belakang masalah dan urgensi mengapa penelitian tersebut perlu dilakukan. Hal itu dapat dikemas dalam beberapa bagian seperti :

(1) Latar belakang :

Latar belakang masalah secara jelas dan sistematis, yang meliputi:
a. Uraian tentang kedudukan mata pelajaran dalam kurikulum (semester, mata pelajaran yang ditunjang dan mata pelajaran penunjang);
b. Gambaran umum isi mata pelajaran tsb termasuk pembagian waktunya (lampirkan Analisis Instruksional, RPP, Silabus dari mata pelajaran yang bersangkutan);
c. Metode pembelajaran yang digunakan saat ini.

(2) Identifikasi masalah

(3) Batasan dan rumusan masalah

(4) Tujuan dan manfaat penelitian.

II. LANDASAN TEORI

Bagian ini terdiri dari:

(1) Uraian teori

(2) Kerangka konseptual

(3) Hipotesis (untuk penelitian tertentu boleh tidak menggunakan hipotesis)

III. METODOLOGI PENELITIAN

Bagian ini menyajikan penjelasan antara lain meliputi :

(1) Variabel penelitian (defenisi operasional)

(2) Tempat dan waktu penelitian

(3) Sumber data atau populasi dan sampel

(4) Alat pengumpul data (sebaiknya dilengkapi dengan kisi-kisi atau indikator)

(5) Teknik analisis data yang digunakan.

IV. DAFTAR PUSTAKA

http://id.shvoong.com/society-and-news/environment/2043788-pengertian-proposal/

http://chandil.wordpress.com/2007/05/02/definisi-proposal/

http://chandil.wordpress.com/2007/05/02/langkah-langkah-sebelum-menulis-proposal/

http://diagonalrain.blogspot.com/2010/06/pengertian-proposal.html

http://ghadizluthu.blogspot.com/2010/06/pengertian-proposal.html

nama : katherine fernanada gunawan

kelas : 3EA10

NPM : 11207 246

Tugas Bahasa Inggris 2

EXERCISE PAGE 186-200

EXERCISE 11 Page 186

C 1. The subject (of lecture) was quite interesting.

I 2. The supplies (for the camping trip) needs to be packed.

C 3. The chair (under the table) (in the dining room) is quite comfortable.

C 4. The players (on the winning team) (in the competition) put forth a lot of effort.

I 5. The food (for the guests) (at the party) are on the long tables.

C 6. The cost (of the clothes) was higher than I had expected.

C 7. The rugs (in the front rooms) (of the house) are going to be washed today.

I 8. The waiters and waitresses (in the restaurant) always serves the food efficiently.

C 9. The lights (in the corner) (of the room) need to be kept on all night.

C 10. The meeting (of members) (of the councils) begins at 3:00 (in the afternoon).

EXERCISE 12 Page 187

C 1. Half of the student in the class arrive early.

I 2. Some of the fruit are rotten.

C 3. All of the next chapter contains very important information.

C 4. Most of the people in the room is paying attention.

C 5. Part of the soup is left on the stove.

I 6. Some of the movie were just too violent for me.

I 7. All the details in the report needs to be checked.

C 8. Most of the money is needed to pay the bills.

C 9. The first half of the class consists of lecture and note-tacking.

I 10. Some of the question on the test was impossible to answer.

Skill 13 : AGREEMENT AFTER CERTAIN WORDS

EXERCISE 13 Page 189

I 1. Anybody are welcome at the party.

C 2. No one here is afraid of skydiving.

I 3. Everyone in the world needs love and respect.

C 4. Someone have to clean up the house.

C 5. Each plant in the garden appear healthy and strong.

I 6. You sould understand that anything is possible.

I 7. Everything in the salad are good for you.

I 8. Nobody in the class have completed the assignment on time.

I 9. I am sure that every detail have been considered.

I 10. Everybody know the rules, but somebody is not following them.

EXCERCISE (Skills 11-13) Page 189

C 1. The receptionist in the entryway to the offices is able to answer you questions.

I 2. All of the information in the documents are important.

C 3. Anyone in one of the classes has to take the final exam.

I 4. The coordinator of community services are arranging the program.

C 5. Most of the car are covered with mud.

C 6. Nothing more is going to be completed today.

I 7. The drinks in the pitchers on the table in the ballroom is for everyone.

I 8. Everybody were told to be here at 8.00, but somebody is not here.

C 9. Some of the meetings at the conference are limited to ten participants.

I 10. The sauce on the vegetables in the yellow bowl taste really delicious.

TOEFL EXCERCISE (Skills 11-13) Page 189

A 1. No body know when the process of glass making was invented.

^{A B C D}

B 2. Sugars like glucose is made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.

^{A B C D}

A 3. Part of the electricity used in the United States today come from

^{A B C}

hydroelectric sources.

^D

A 4. The languages of the world presents a vast array of structural similarities and

^{A B C}

difference

^D

A 5. The rise of multinasionals have resulted in a great deal of legal ambiguity

^{A B}

because multinasionals can operate in so many jurisdictions

^{C D}

C 6. All of the east-west interstate highways in the United States has even numbers,

^{A B}

while north-south interstate highways ­are odd-numbered.

^{C D}

C 7. When a massive star in the large Magellanic Cloud exploded in 1987, a wave of

^{A B}

neutrinos were detected on Earth.

^{C D}

C 8. Some of the agricultural practices used today is responsible for fostering

^{A B C D}

desertification.

C 9. Every open space in the targeted area that has grass and a few bushes are

^{A B C}

occupied by the white-crowned sparrow.

^D

C 10. Krakatoa is remembered as the volcano that put so much ash into the air that

^{A B}

sunsets around the world was affected for two years afterward.

^{C D}

TOEFL REVIEW EXCERCISE (Skills 1-13)

1. D. Pictograms constitute the earliest system of writing.

2. At temperatures A. approach absolute zero, substances posses minimal energy.

3. The Earth’s one-year evolution around the Sun changes how B. the fall of sunlight on one hemisphere or the other.

4. Though sporadic interest in regional dialects A. has existed for centuries, the first large-scale systematic studies did not take place until the nineteenth century.

B 5. The waters of the Chattahoochee River fills Lake Lanier.

^{A B C D}

A 6. The first set of false teeth similar to those in use today it was made in France

^{A B C D}

in the1780s.

D 7. The term “Yankee” was originally a nickname for people from New England,

^A

but now anyone from the United States are referred to as a Yankee.

^{B C D}

A 8. A network of small arteries, mostly sandwiched between the skin and the

^A

underlying muscles, supply blood to the face and scalp.

^{B C D}

C 9. Mesquite is a small tree in the Southwest who can withstand the severest

^{A B C D}

drought.

B 10. At the end of the Revolution, most of the army units of the young nation was

^{A B}

almost tirely disbanded, leaving a total national military force of eighty men in

^{C D}

1784.

EXERCISE 14 Page 192

I 1. The pastries in that shop are very expensive but quite deliciously.

C 2. You can find some change to buy a paper in the drawer, on top of the dresser, or in the jar.

C 3. The living room was decorated with expensive paintings and elegance lamps.

I 4. He knew that the financial problems were serious, that the situation was not going to improve, and that he needed to get a job.

C 5. All day long during the trip to the mountains, they were skiing, sledding, or played in the snow.

I 6. The car needs new tires but not a new engine.

C 7. He stop working when he gets too tired to continue or when he has finished.

C 8. To get to the office, you should go through this door, turn to the left, and continuation down the hall.

C 9. For dessert we could serve lemon pie, fruit tarts, chocolate cake, or butter cookies.

C 10. The sick child needs some medicine, some juice, and to rest.

EXERCISE 15 Page 194

I 1. He either lied or telling an unbelievable story.

C 2. The music at the concert was neither well played nor well liked.

C 3. He regularly studies both in the morning or in the evening.

I 4. The play that he saw last night was not only rather delightful but also quite meaningful.

C 5. He married her neither for her ability to cook nor her ability to clean house.

C 6. The discussion was both exciting and interest.

C 7. He withdrew all the money not only from the checking account but also room the savings account.

C 8. Neither the teacher or the students are ready to leave the classroom.

I 9. You can meet with me either in the next few minutes or at 4:00.

C 10. John is an adventurous person who enjoys not only skydiving but also goes parasailing.

EXERCISE (Skills 14-15) Page 194

C 1. The advertisement appeared in the newspaper and on the radio.

C 2. She is trained as both an accountant and in nurshing.

I 3. We can take either my car or yours to the party.

C 4. The coffe is too hot, too bitter, and too strength.

C 5. He not only passed the test but also receiving the highest score in the class.

I 6.Your ideas are neither more important or less important than the ideas of the others.

I 7. The meeting lasted only an hour but still seeming too long.

I 8. The novel was both emotional and description.

I 9. Either the counselor or her secretary can help you with that problem.

C 10. The leaves from the tree fell in the yard, in the pool, the driveway, and on the sidewalk.

EXRCISE 17 page 198

I 1. She was study the textbooks all night long.

C 2. The pie was cut into six equal pieces.

C 3. Today the teacher is allow the students to leave class a few minutes early.

I 4. The class is teach every other semester.

C 5. Tom is bringing some drinks to the party.

C 6. The sick child was taken to see a doctor.

I 7. The children are swim in the backyard pool.

I 8. The diamond jewelery is always keep in a safe place.

C 9. The teacher is preparing a difficult exam for the students.

C 10. Dinner is served from 6:00 to 8:00.

EXERCISE 18 page 199

C 1. You should try to respond politely.

I 2. Everyone must leaves the room immediately.

I 3. I could sat on the beach for hours.

I 4. She will asking you many difficult questions.

C 5. You can look at the book, but you cannot borrow it.

I 6. He may lies to you because he is not very truthful.

I 7. He knew that he would forgot the phone number.

I 8. The weatherman said that it might snowing tonight.

I 9. Perhaps we could bought a new car this year.

I 10. This course will satisfy the graduation requirement.

EXERCISE (Skills 16 - 18) page 200

C 1. We have became good friends in the last year.

C 2. You name will be list in the new directory.

I 3. The new movie is receive good reviews.

C 4. She must have feel sorry about her bad behavior.

I 5. They have always given their family many presents.

I 6. We may be taking a vacation next week.

I 7. We could have taking a vacation last week.

C 8. The package might had been deliver by an express mail service.

I 9. I have not wrote very many letters to my friends.

C 10. The car should not have be drive anymore yesterday.

TOEFL EXERCISE (Skills 16-18) page 200

A 1. By the 1920s, many radio transmitters had been build.

^{A B C D}

A 2. Fish farming has rose in the United States in recent years.

^{A B C D}

D 3. In areas of volcanic activity, beach sand may contains dark minerals and little ^{A B C D}

quartz.

A 4. Cro-Magnon man was names after the caves in southwest France where the first

^{A B}

remains were discovered.

^{C D}

C 5. Lassie, the famous collie who made her first screen appearance in 1943, has

^{A B}

always be played by a male dog.

^{C D}

D 6. A blue bigwig lizard stakes out a territory and will defending females within

^{A B C}

it against courting males.

^D

D 7. President George Washington was inaugurates on the steps of the Federal

^{A B C}

Building in New York City.

^D

C 8. By 1627, Plymouth had became a viable and growing community of fifty

^{A B C}

families, twenty-two goats, fifteen cows, and more than fifty pigs.

^D

A 9.Tobacco was the crop on which the eminence of Williamsburg and the prosperity

^{A B C}

of Virginia were base.

^D

C 10. Because there may be scores of genes in each suspect DNA region, scientists

^A

must identifying and sequence the actual genes contributing to type I diabetes.

^{B C D}

TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE (Skills 1-18) page 201

1. D. The Pacific Ocean has the deepest valleys and canyons on the Earth.

2. In the United States, the participation of females in the labor force D. jumped from 37 percent in 1965 to 51 percent in 1980.

3. Some composers, such as Richard Wagner, have felt that A. arias interrupt the action of the opera too much and have written operas without them.

A 4. Water stored behind a dam can used to drive turbines.

^{A B C D}

D 5. Our universe may continue to expand as it gets colder, empty, and deader.

^{A B C D}

B 6. Every form of matter in the world are made up of atoms.

^{A B C D}

D 7. The lens and cornea are supply with nutrients and oxygen by the aqueous fluid.

^{A B C D}

C 8. Dodge City, laid out in 1872, owed both its prosperity and its famous to the

^{A B}

buffalo in its early years.

^{C D}

A 9. The amount of the two kinds of cholesterol in the blood have been shown to ^{A B C}

have an effect on the risk of heart attack.

^D

B 10. By the time Noah Webster reached his mid-twenties, he had already publish an

^{A B C}

elementary speller.

^D

TUGAS BAHASA INGGRIS BISNIS 2

The Difference

Changing is usual

People have change is usual

Feel different to other is usual

Why its has to be happen ,,,,,,,,, the difference

Is there any meaning by the difference?

Should be one solution ,,,,,,,,,,,, !!!

With feels like there is no the differences

Everything is usual now

Too much contraction, that feels hurt

Everything get mess up

Everyone does not know ,,,,,,,, the solution

The difference never gone ,,,,,,,,, ??

It should be gone the changing with other differences

Nama : Katherine Fernanda Gunawan

Kelas : 4ea10

NPM : 11207246